Epstein O, Ludwig S, Gelb D, Poelstra K, OBrien J. PLoS One. If the scoliosis is caused from trauma, surgery is much more common. Wang F, Sun X, Mao S, Liu Z, Qiao J, Zhu F, et al. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. Statistical analysis of the data was performed in SPSS version 22. This group included 31 males (23 neutered) and 16 females (11 neutered), between 1.6 and 6.6years old (mean, 3.6years). 2012;21:7338. Compared to the control group of FBs that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to spinal disease, there was an association between the presence of kyphosis and IVDE overall (cervical and thoracolumbar IVDE combined; X2=7.61, p=0.006). Cite this article. Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging guidelines for differentiation between thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions and intervertebral disk protrusions in dogs. This study evaluated the association between the presence of congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations, spinal kyphosis, spinal scoliosis and the development of clinically relevant cervical and thoracolumbar IVDE in FBs. Recent studies have suggested that the severity of eventually present spinal kyphosis should be considered a critical factor in the development of spinal cord dysfunction [3, 7, 9]. When multiple hemivertebrae were present, the vertebral segment with the greatest degree of spinal angulation was chosen. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In order to keep your pet moving after surgery and help rehab post surgery, a dog wheelchair can greatly improve your pet's post surgical care! J Am Vet Med Assoc. Department of Surgery, University of So Paulo-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Av. Mogensen MS, Scheibye-Alsing K, Karlskov-Mortensen P, et al. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2017;12:6. Vet Rec. One of the authors of this manuscript (HAV) is Section Editor for BMC Veterinary Research. Pearsons chi-squared analysis (X2) was used to detect univariate associations between the presence (1/0) of kyphosis, scoliosis or thoracic vertebral body malformations and the presence of cervical or thoracolumbar IVDE as two separate analyses. Surgical treatment of dorsal hemivertebrae associated with kyphosis by spinal segmental stabilisation, with or without decompression. Packer RM, Hendricks A, Volk HA, Shihab NK, Burn CC. Faller K, Penderis J, Stalin C, Guevar J, Yeamans C, Gutierrez-Quintana R. The effect of kyphoscoliosis on intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs. MRI may serve as a valid alternative to standing radiography in evaluating the sagittal alignment of the upper thoracic spine. A 16-slice helical CT scanner, was used in all cases (PQ 500, Universal Systems, Solon, Ohio or Light Speed series, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee). Smolders LA, Bergknut N, Grinwis GC, Hagman R, Lagerstedt AS, Hazewinkel HA, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Vet Surg. PubMed (XLSX 16kb). MCIdS, RR, and SDD collected data. Chang HK, Chang HC, Wu JC, Tu TH, Fay LY, Chang PY, et al. The pathophysiological mechanism resulting in development of clinical signs is considered multifactorial with vertebral misalignment, instability and vertebral stenosis considered important factors [1, 3, 11]. Inglez de Souza, M.C.C., Ryan, R., ter Haar, G. et al. Walkin Pets by HandicappedPets.com is the proven leader in pet mobility, with a 20-year record of helping to set miracles into motion. Charalambous M, Jeffery ND, Smith PM, Goncalves R, Barker A, Hayes G, Ives E, Vanhaesebrouck AE. Comparison of computed tomography and plain radiography in assessing traumatic spinal deformity. Presence and location of IVDE was assessed on T2-weighted sagittal images, while presence, number, and location of hemivertebra and presence of kyphosis were evaluated on sagittal T1-weighted images. Compared to the control group of FBs that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to spinal disease, dogs with cervical or thoracolumbar IVDE were significantly older (dogs with IVDE: meanSD=42.36months 15.61, n=77 vs. unaffected: meanSD=26.96months 25.45, n=101, p<0.001). Spine. De Decker S, Gomes SA, Packer RM, Kenny PJ, Beltran E, Parzefall B, et al. Compared to French bulldogs without scoliosis, those with scoliosis have a significantly different anatomical distribution of IVDE with the caudal lumbar disc spaces significantly more often affected. Scoliosis may increase the risk of recurrence of lumbar disc herniation after microdiscectomy. Finally, all IVDE cases (cervical and thoracolumbar) were combined (n=77) and compared with controls, with Pearsons chi-squared analysis used to detect associations between spinal deformities and IVDE presence, and t-tests used to detect differences in age between case and control dogs. Mogensen MS, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Proschowsky HF, et al. Active breeding towards this desirable phenotypic trait is however associated with an increased number and more severe grade of thoracic hemivertebrae [10]. Abdel MP, Bodemer WS, Anderson PA. Supine thoracolumbar sagittal spine alignment: comparing computerized tomography and plain radiographs. The aetiology of canine intervertebral disc disease is considered multifactorial with genetic, biomechanical and anatomical factors involved [19]. Computed tomography included the entire vertebral column, regardless of the reason for clinical presentation. This group included 76 males (26 neutered) and 25 females (7 neutered), between 4months and 10.2years old (mean, 2.25years). BMC Vet Res 14, 5 (2018). Dogs were excluded if the medical records or imaging studies were unavailable, if imaging studies did not include the complete thoracic vertebral column, or if any other orthopaedic or spinal disorder was detected. Spine. 2016;57:41726. 2004;29(23):272432. The Cobb angle for kyphosis ranged from 1 to 47.9 degrees (median 21.8 degrees) in this group of dogs. Congenital spinal malformations in small animals. 2011;102(Suppl 1):816. Binary logistic regression however indicated that higher age and occurrence of spinal kyphosis should both be considered independent and non-related risk factors for occurrence of IVDE in FBs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Stokes IA, Iatridis JC. An expressed fgf4 retrogene is associated with breed-defining chondrodysplasia in domestic dogs. Google Scholar. Presenting clinical signs included spinal hyperaesthesia without neurological deficits (n=1 dog), ambulatory paraparesis with ataxia of the pelvic limbs (n=17 dogs), non-ambulatory paraparesis (n=17 dogs), paraplegia with intact nociception (n=11) and paraplegia with absent nociception (n=1 dog). Similarly to intervertebral dish disease (IVDD) spinal cord compression can cause pain and neurological symptoms. 2017;30:1248. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016;31:207784. Genome-wide association study in dachshund: identification of a major locus affecting intervertebral disc calcification. Westworth DR, Sturges BK. The results of these studies indicate that CT and MRI can be used to evaluate and quantify spinal curvature abnormalities with a good reliability, correlation and agreement among the three imaging techniques. Although thoracic hemivertebra with kyphosis does only rarely cause spinal cord dysfunction in itself, FBs with kyphosis appear to be at higher risk of developing IVDE overall and thoracolumbar IVDE in particular. Diagnosing scoliosis is done with an X-Ray, the curve of the spine will be very visible on scans and is often easy to spot the curve of the spine without scans as well. Validation of genome wide intervertebral disk calcification associations in dachshund and further investigation of the chromosome 12 susceptibility locus. It should further be noted that thoracic vertebral malformations and spinal curvature abnormalities occur also in other brachycephalic screw-tailed breeds, such as Pugs and English bulldogs [2, 4, 13]. Considering the factors above, it is possible that FBs are at risk of thoracolumbar IVDE because of genetic factors and that biomechanical factors associated with spinal kyphosis should be considered an additional risk factor for developing thoracolumbar IVDE. Springer Nature. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. CAS Bernstein P, Hentschel S, Platzek I, Zwingenberger S, Weigel S, Hhne S, et al. The most common affected intervertebral disc spaces were T13-L1 and L2-L3 (n=10 dogs for both), followed by L1-L2, L4-L5 (n=7 dogs for both), L3-L4 (n=6 dogs), T12- T13 (n=4 dogs), T10-T11, L5-L6, and L6-L7 (n=one for each). French bulldogs that underwent computed tomography for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (n=101), and French bulldogs with thoracolumbar (n=47) or cervical intervertebral disc extrusion (n=30) that underwent magnetic resonance imaging were included. Google Scholar. This suggests that the occurrence of spinal curvature abnormalities cannot solely explain the high prevalence of IVDE in French bulldogs and should rather be considered an additional risk factor for development of this disorder. Clin Spine Surg. Control dogs underwent CT, while dogs with IVDE underwent MRI as the most appropriate diagnostic technique for their respective disorders. The CT settings for image acquisition were: helical mode, 12mm slice thickness, 1 interval between slices, 140 kVp, 120mA, 110mm acquisition field of view, bone and soft tissue reconstruction algorithms, 512512 matrix. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Yau MS, Demissie S, Zhou Y, Anderson DE, Lorbergs AL, Kiel DP, et al. Google Scholar. 2011;29:188895. Although this finding supports the hypothesis that kyphosis and scoliosis are associated with altered biomechanical loading along the entire vertebral column, further studies are necessary to objectively evaluate the biomechanical consequences of spinal curvature abnormalities in dogs. Correspondence to There was no association between presence of thoracolumbar IVDE and the presence of scoliosis (X2=0.855, p=0.355) or thoracic vertebral body malformations (X2=2.06, p=0.151). Similarly, although the clinical presentation of FBs with IVDE was always compatible with the imaging findings of thoracolumbar or cervical IVDE, it cannot be excluded that these dogs demonstrated pre-existing subtle gait abnormalities associated with their vertebral anomalies. Changes in biomechanical properties can be associated with secondary degenerative changes of the vertebral column [6, 14, 15]. 2013;8:e69650. Although an association between spinal kyphosis and adjacent intervertebral disc degeneration has been demonstrated previously [5], the results of this study suggest that spinal kyphosis should also be considered an independent risk factor for development of clinically relevant thoracolumbar IVDE. 2016;24:58691. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Reasons for undergoing CT imaging included brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (n=88 dogs), neoplastic disease (n=6 dogs), cardiac disease (n=5 dogs) and gastro-intestinal disease (n=2 dogs). The authors declare to have no financial or non-financial competing interests. There was a significant association between the presence of kyphosis and the occurrence of intervertebral disc extrusion, particularly in the thoracolumbar region. 2013;195:2929. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. This group included 21 males (11 neutered) and 9 females (7 neutered), between 1.4 and 6.9years old (mean, 3.4years). Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Thoracic congenital vertebral body malformations, including hemivertebra with kyphosis and scoliosis are frequently encountered in brachycephalic screw-tailed dogs, such as the French bulldog (FB) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Although it can be hypothesized that higher degrees of spinal kyphosis can be associated with more pronounced alterations in vertebral biomechanical loading, further studies are necessary to evaluate if a higher degree of kyphosis is indeed associated with a higher risk of developing thoracolumbar IVDE. Most of the time pets are born with this condition, but scoliosis can also be an acquired condition due to spinal trauma. By using this website, you agree to our More specifically, dogs with scoliosis had IVDE affecting the caudal lumbar disc spaces more often, compared to FBs without scoliosis (Fig. Binary logistic regression revealed that dogs with kyphosis were at nearly a two times increased odds of being affected by IVDE overall than those without kyphosis [OR=1.98 (95% CI: 1.043.78), df=1, p=0.038]. Dewey CW, Davies E, Bouma JL. Eur J Comp Anim Pract. Although development of clinical signs as a direct consequence of thoracic vertebral body malformations is considered multifactorial, the degree of spinal kyphosis has been suggested to be a key factor. Gomes SA, Volk HA, Packer RM, Kenny PJ, Beltran E, De Decker S. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions and protrusions in large breed dogs.
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